A great question was asked last night about the Principle of Double Effect. It is neither an easy nor a quick answer. That being said, here is a more methodical answer for all those with questions:
The principle of morality that we always need follow is to pursue and do good, and avoid evil (Catechism of the Catholic Church, no. 1732, 1955). The principle of double effect is a formula that helps us evaluate complicated moral issues that may involve consequences or side effects which are both good and bad. This principle may be used when we need to make a decision about an action that is morally good, yet [can] cause(s) one or more unintended bad consequences. Because these consequences are side effects, and not directly willed or chosen, the choice that brings them about is morally acceptable.
The Church teaches us that a person may legitimately choose to carry out an action that is morally good, but which has one or more unintended side effects that are morally evil. The Principle of Double Effect has five requirements that must be met (all of them must be met) for the action to be morally acceptable:
1. The intended action must be good in itself. The intended act may not be morally evil.
2. The good effect of the action must be what is directly intended by the person that carries out the action. The bad effect that results from the action may be foreseen by the person that commits the action but must be unintended.
3. The good effect must not be brought about by using a morally evil process or method.
4. The good effect must be of equal or greater proportion to any evil effect which would result.
5. Actions that have morally negative effects are permissible only when absolutely necessary, i.e., when there are no other means by which the good may be obtained.
A very important distinction must be made. We cannot make a choice based on what is “proportionally” greater or lesser. How do we use the Principle of Double Effect? Not alone. These decisions need guidance which the Church provides. So, if you need to use – see your pastor, you should never make these kind of decisions alone. Any questions??
Oh, special thanks to Catholics United for the Faith. I took its write-up and re-wrote portions of it for our purposes...http://www.cuf.org.
